ADHD, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, is an experience that affects many young people—around 5-7% of youth, worldwise. Rates of diagnosis are higher in the U.S., perhaps because of strong achievement pressures and all-too-often, quick diagnoses. 

While each child with ADHD will have a unique experience, there is common ground with the kinds of challenges they may face and possible solutions that may help support them. It’s important to note that even amongst “youth”, ADHD displays differently from childhood into teenage years. ADHD can be a seriously debilitating challenge and a manageable condition. The breadth of experience is as wide as any other mental health challenge and each child deserves a care plan as unique as their experience. 

This toolkit will begin to cover some of that common ground to give you a jumping off point into the collective ADHD experience of youth and teens. 

What is ADHD?

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how you think, focus, and control your impulses. While everyone has moments of inattention and hyperactivity, individuals with ADHD experience these challenges more intensely and consistently. 

ADHD can be divided into three main types:

• Inattentive type: People with this type of ADHD have trouble paying attention, staying organized, and completing tasks.
• Hyperactive-impulsive type: This type is characterized by excessive fidgeting, restlessness, and impulsive behavior.
• Combined type: This is a combination of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.

ADHD symptoms can change over time as a child grows into their preteen and teenage years. It’s estimated that about a third of children diagnosed with ADHD no longer meet criteria by young adulthood. At the same time, the vast majority continue to have impairing symptoms periodically–often depending on the supports they have. For those who do, symptoms may morph with their changing responsibilities and environment. 

Younger children typically experience more hyperactivity and impulsivity, things like getting up to move around in class and having a hard time waiting to react or speak in turn. As they grow up, academic and social demands increase, morphing symptoms into displaying less hyperactivity and more inattention. 

Throughout adolescence, as structure and supervision begin to decrease, demands and expectations begin to increase. This contributes to challenges with academic performance and interpersonal problems. In addition to increased inattention and impulsivity, teens with ADHD may also engage in impulsive and risky behaviors—such as: substance use, unsafe sexual activity, and self harm.  

On average, girls with ADHD are more likely than boys with ADHD to show the exclusively inattentive type (or, as it’s now termed, ‘presentation’).  But girls (and women) may also show subtle forms of impulsive behavior, including interrupting others and poor planning.      

Without support, youth and teens with ADHD can experience lower grade averages, poorer emotion-regulation, higher rates of suspension for problematic behavior, serious problems with peer relationships (some research points to fewer reciprocal friends), higher rates of bullying, higher rates of driving accidents, and more. Tragically, self-harm is elevated in youth with ADHD as they get older, as well.  

Etiology

While the exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, there are some factors that may contribute to its development. 

These include:

• Genetics: ADHD often runs in families; twin and adoption studies reveal a strong genetic vulnerability. In many cases, both parents and child share ADHD symptoms, within biological families. Realizing that genes and biology are important may alleviate guilt and blame–but families are still responsible for securing evidence-based treatment.   
• Brain structure and function: Research has shown that children with ADHD can have slightly smaller brain regions (including many regions that impact executive functioning). While those continue to mature and become a less significant difference by adulthood, there are still differences in brains with ADHD in activity, connectivity, and neurochemistry.
• Environmental factors: There are certain environmental factors that have been labeled as risk factors to developing ADHD. Prenatal exposure to smoking, alcohol, or lead, nutritional factors, as well as lifestyle/psychosocial factors, may increase the chance of ADHD developing.  

ADHD Symptoms

Recognizing the symptoms of ADHD is the first step in understanding how best to support someone with ADHD.

An ADHD experience can look like:

• Inattention:

• • Difficulty staying focused on tasks, especially boring or daily, repetitive everyday things (school work, chores, etc.)
  • Forgetfulness in daily activities
  • Constantly misplacing or losing personal items
  • Missing appointments or being late frequently
  • Trouble following instructions or completing homework
  • Being bored a lot
  • Poor organization and planning skills
  • Doesn’t seem to listen when spoken to directly 
  • Procrastination
  • Tendency to wait to the last minute
  • Trouble following directions
  • Feeling like they aren’t near or reaching their potential 
• Hyperactivity:
  • Excessive talking and restlessness
  • Being fidgety
  • Easily agitated
  • Difficulty remaining seated or quiet when required
  • Impulsivity, such as acting before thinking about the consequences
  • Getting up frequently to walk around
  • Trouble playing quietly
• Impulsivity:
  • Impatience 
  • Having a hard time waiting to talk or react
  • Blurting out answers before someone is finished asking a question 

Coping Strategies for ADHD

If you or your child has ADHD, there are many coping strategies that can help support you. These are research-backed and work well for anyone’s mental wellness, across a myriad of diagnoses (or lack thereof). It’s important to note that not every coping strategy will work for every person. It’s important to find routines and skills that work best for you or your child, and remain open-minded to adapting those routines over time. 

Some examples of classic coping strategies include: 

• Medication: Some individuals with ADHD benefit from medication prescribed by a healthcare professional, such as stimulants or non-stimulants. These can help improve focus and reduce impulsivity.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can teach you skills to better manage your thoughts and behaviors, helping you become more organized and efficient. For children with ADHD, CBT works best in the form of reward-based programs conducted by families and schools (more behavioral than cognitive).
• Time management: Tools like planners and alarms to keep track of tasks and appointments. Breaking tasks into smaller, manageable parts, and prioritizing them can also be helpful. 
• Healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep can have a positive impact on ADHD symptoms.
• Support systems: Seek support from parents, teachers, counselors, or support groups—individuals can provide guidance and understanding.
• Mindfulness and relaxation techniques: Practices like meditation and deep breathing can help to calm the mind and reduce impulsivity.
• Learning tools: Utilizing technology and apps designed for individuals with ADHD can help with time management, organization, and focus. But an over-reliance on screens is not a good idea. 

Strategies for Parents 

Since ADHD has a strong genetic component, if your child has ADHD, it may be worth noting that you may also experience adult ADHD. By empowering your understanding of your own brain, you may be presented with greater opportunities to connect and relate to your child’s experiences as well. Despite a diagnosis for yourself, there are some strategies you can implement to best support a child with ADHD. 

Helpful things to do if you have a child with ADHD includes: 

• Identify your child’s strengths and support them! Give praise and rewards to enforce good behavior. Criticism and punishment can tank self-esteem. 
• Give breaks throughout the day
• Keep it short and sweet. Give clear, short directions to prevent them from getting overwhelmed or forgetting multiple steps 
• Use timers + reminders to help your child shift from one task to the next
• Learn more about ADHD to help them understand their unique brain! Read, talk with a provider, watch videos together, etc. 
• Be consistent with rules and consequences. Consequences aren’t always negative and can include incentives. 
• Use touch and affection to communicate effectively (i.e. a hand on their arm or around their shoulder, look in their eyes, etc). Be mindful of using touch with kids with sensory issues or trauma. 

While ADHD may have flooded our algorithms and classrooms, it’s important to know that having ADHD reveals a difference in brain function and self-regulation, not an inherent flaw.  Each one of our unique brains deserve the learning techniques and structural support that best serves them.